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铸铁件配料实用技术(铸铁和球铁)
发布时间:2020-05-29 10:42
<section><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 18px; color: rgb(123, 12, 0);">第一节 灰铸铁(孕育铸铁) 的熔制特点及其配料</span></strong></section><p><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">灰铸铁(灰口铸铁)碳分主要以片状石墨形式出现的铸铁,断口呈灰色,基体形式有:铁素体、珠光体、珠光体加铁素体。</span></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">灰铸铁的化学成分(质量分数)一般为:<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: DY236;">C:2.7%~3.8%,Si:1.1%~2.7%,Mn:0.5%~1.4%,P:&lt;0.3%,S&lt;0.15%。</span></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY236; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;"><br/></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY236; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;">由于灰铸铁具有一定的强度和良好的减振性、耐磨性,以及优良的切削加工性和铸 造工艺性,而且生产简便、成本低,因此在工业生产和民用生活中得到最广泛的应用。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY236; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;"><br/></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY236; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;">孕育铸铁 仍属灰铸铁范畴,是铁液经孕育处理后,获得的亚共晶灰铸铁。孕育铸 铁的碳主要以细片状石墨形式出现,基体形式有:珠光体、索氏体。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY236; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;"><br/></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY236; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;">孕育前的铁液(原铁液)成分一般选择在位于铸件组织图上的麻口区内或白口区域 的边缘地带,通常成份(质量分数)控制为:C:2.8%~3.3%,Si:0.6%~1.4%,Mn:0.8%~1.4%,P&lt;0.15%,S&lt;0.12%。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY236; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;"><br/></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;">经孕育处理后的孕育铸铁,<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY237;">wSi</span>常被调整到1.2%~1.8%,共晶团被显著地细化,石墨的尺寸及分布得到改善,从而提高了强度,因此孕育铸铁又常称为高强度灰铸铁。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;"><br/></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;">孕育铸铁的抗拉强度可达200~400MPa,抗弯强度可达450~600MPA,但伸长率和 冲击韧度仍较低,故常用于动载荷较小、静力强度要求较高的重要铸件,如机床床身、发 动机缸体等。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;"><br/></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(123, 12, 0);"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">一、灰铸铁熔炼用炉的选择</span></strong></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;">最广泛采用的是冲天炉。在乡镇地区,或修配工厂,或铸锅厂多采用搀炉(或二节炉)。在缺乏焦炭供应的地区可采用煤粉化铁炉(或油化铁炉、天然气化铁炉)。在电力供应充足的地区,或要求熔制高质量的高牌号灰铸铁(孕育铸铁)时可采用无 心感应电炉(或有心感应电炉)。&nbsp;</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;"><br/></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;">在生产大型铸铁轧辊时有时可采用反射炉。在大批大量流水线生产时可采用冲天炉—有心感应电炉双联熔炼炉。对于大批大量流水线生产且电力供应充足的地区可采用无心感应电炉—有心感应 电炉双联熔炼炉。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;"><br/></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(123, 12, 0);"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">二、灰铸铁(孕育铸铁)原铁液化学成分的控制</span></strong></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;">灰铸铁件的化学成分应根据灰铸铁件的合金牌号性能要求和灰铸铁件的壁厚状况 等确定。通常,在碳当量较低时,适当提高Si/C比(一般由0.5<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY238;">&nbsp;</span>左右提高到0.7<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY238;">&nbsp;(&nbsp;</span>左右),强 度性能会有所提高,切削性能有较大改善,但要注意缩松渗漏倾向的增加和珠光体数量 的减少;在碳当量较高时(具体值取决于生产条件),提高Si/C比反而会使抗拉强度下 降,但此时提高Si/C比仍能有减少白口倾向的优点,适用于性能要求不高的薄壁灰铸铁 件铸造。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;"><br/></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;">但确定灰铸铁的原铁液化学成分(或配料标准成分)时,如需进行孕育处理,还应考 虑减去由于孕育处理时孕育剂所带入元素(主要是硅元素)的增加值。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;"><br/></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;">灰铸铁(孕育铸铁)的原铁液化学成分可参见表2-3-1所示进行控制。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;"><br/></span></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaZ3ZKSLbz3Lf5Hob4tHbUlRJesw5wu6fEG4rD978RvQ9Hs0O2x938ibTsA0Co9vSp5t0VJlQAoPCjw/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(123, 12, 0);"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">三、灰铸铁(孕育铸铁)的孕育处理</span></strong></span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;"><br/></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">灰铸铁(孕育铸铁)进行孕育处理的目的是通过向具有白口倾向的灰铸铁(孕育铸 铁)原铁液中加入一定数量的孕育剂,使之人为地造成大量的结晶核心,降低过冷度,细 化共晶团,改善石墨的尺寸和分布,因而提高了灰铸铁(孕育铸铁)的强度。</span></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">灰铸铁(孕育铸铁)用的孕育剂种类较多,有墨化孕育剂和稳定化孕育剂两大类。在墨化孕育剂中最常用的是:</span></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">硅铁(硅75)(质量分数)Si75%,其余为Fe<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY240; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">&nbsp;</span>等。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;">含锶孕育剂(质量分数)&nbsp;<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY240;">Si:73%~78%</span>,<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY240;">Sr:0.6%~1.2%</span>,<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY240;">Ca≤0.1%</span>,<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY240;">Al≤0.5%</span>,其余为&nbsp;<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY240;">Fe’&nbsp;</span>等Si:67.5%,Sr:2.7%,Ca:0.3%,Al:1.5%其余为Fe<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY240;">&nbsp;</span>等。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;"><br/></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;">含铈孕育剂(质量分数)<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY240;">Si:40%</span>,<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY240;">Ce:10%</span>,RE:3%,其余为Fe等。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;">含钡孕育剂(质量分数)<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY240;">Si:80%</span>,<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY240;">Ba:8%</span>,<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY240;">Ca:0.7%</span>,<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY240;">Al:1.3%</span>,其余为Fe<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY240;">&nbsp;</span>等。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;">硅钙合金(质量分数)Si≥60%,<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY240;">Ca≥30%,Fe:≤5%。</span></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY240; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;">碳化硅(质量分数)Si:45%~56%,C:28%~46%。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY240; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;">孕育剂(质量分数)的加入量大致为0.1~0.8%。硅铁孕育剂的加入量可参见表2-3-2。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY240; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;"><br/></span></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaZ3ZKSLbz3Lf5Hob4tHbUlRrKibt2iabSicQBibLfMqgNUhib0Cg29t24FHwjZiaujLdYFHhaiao4p3VKt1w/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">孕育处理的方法也很多,主要有:出铁槽孕育、浇注杯孕育、铸型内孕育、孕育丝孕 育、铁液流后期孕育等。<br/></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY240; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;"><br/></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;">孕育处理时的操作要点:</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY240;">a</span>)铁液处理温度应在1380℃以上;</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY240;">b</span>)孕育剂的粒度大致为2~10mm,铁液量500kg<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY240;">&nbsp;</span>以下取2~5mm,铁液量500~1500kg范围内取5~10mm;</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY240;">c</span>)孕育剂应预热;</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY240;">d</span>)孕育剂要均匀地加在铁液流中,加入时间应为出铁液时间的<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY243;">1-/5~1/3;</span></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY243;">e)</span>加完孕育剂后,应充分搅拌铁液,使孕育剂分布均匀。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;"><br/></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(123, 12, 0);"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">四、灰铸铁(孕育铸铁)铁液质量的炉前控制</span></strong></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY240;">1.&nbsp;</span>三角试样检查&nbsp;</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;">三角试样尺寸可参见图&nbsp;<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY240;">2-3-1</span>和表&nbsp;<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY240;">2-3-3</span>铁液孕育前后控制的白口宽度可参见表2-3-4。</span></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaZ3ZKSLbz3Lf5Hob4tHbUlR6DpPUyr8ia6QibIqrN5kQqZqU9LEibMM8uBD7zK5qvJaibk7UaW6vuLLRQ/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><br/></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaZ3ZKSLbz3Lf5Hob4tHbUlR6icABzcgQHdzL4GOsemsTA0fB37fN3Bc7KS8Dh2j4VV72bNMkHl7S9A/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaZ3ZKSLbz3Lf5Hob4tHbUlRpIA4ic517g8icjTLVOLqnia6OXcaRBxrmCfIrb9ocUkudibycpRJIeQ2IA/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY244; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">2.&nbsp;</span>热分析法快速测定铁液的碳、硅含量热分析测试系统的方框图见图&nbsp;<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY244; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">2-3-2</span>。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;"><br/></span></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaZ3ZKSLbz3Lf5Hob4tHbUlR3GicDglf6ruFAJfBWwfOkMyL6O2v2RWIAXwrYyKHNa1CQI34rNjS6hg/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">整个测试系统由一次感受元件和二次仪表两部分组成:一次感受元件是取样装置,包括测试样杯和测温热电偶;二次仪表包括模拟记录仪、数据处理、结果输出等装置。两部分由传输导线连接,液态金属浇入样杯后,即由二次仪表描绘出凝固过程的“温度—时间”曲线,通过数据处理,最后显示测试结果。</span></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">我国北京工业大学得到下列公式:</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">灰铸铁</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;"><br/></span></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaZ3ZKSLbz3Lf5Hob4tHbUlRjCL6icYSq1GMJGbnOAvHTR0uvHcDgE2TbiaZlDDPNfSdPZ6Ae9rvEJ1w/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaZ3ZKSLbz3Lf5Hob4tHbUlRfpEy6TRIoxR9qmcbbaqnlWXqCUhO3ibYicJQz4GWCgsVOqme9AaKqm6A/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(123, 12, 0);"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">五、灰铸铁(孕育铸铁)的配料</span></strong></span></section><section><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY248; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">1.</span>一般灰铸铁(不孕育)的配料程序和方法可参相关内容。</span></strong></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">配料应用举例3-1</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">用试算法进行灰铸铁HT200的配料。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;">已知条件:</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;">①灰铸铁HT200的要求成分(质量分数):C:2.9%~3.1%,Si:1.40%~1.63%,Mn:0.6%~1.63%,P:<0.2%,S<0.12%;</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;">②金属炉料化学成分见表&nbsp;<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY248;">2-3-5</span>;</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY249;">③</span>元素增减率见表2-3-6。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;"><br/></span></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaZ3ZKSLbz3Lf5Hob4tHbUlRyWn1SVj5AgaqaMhYpBf5OZ7o4zlsrQBibUDU0HnDQMkh4smnJ9Zaibrg/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaZ3ZKSLbz3Lf5Hob4tHbUlRj2Bp6hzKLVDjSpAJbStyWmQwppxzKYH0jttucAL5uEdccBn1WAL4QA/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;"><br/></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">计算:</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">①确定回炉料配比为&nbsp;<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: DY251;">40%</span></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY251; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;">②算出炉料碳含量(质量分数):</span></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaZ3ZKSLbz3Lf5Hob4tHbUlRUabDiae8TrTib7iaecopAVwia1mXBBDdTmoWAlu7H2icyggaudQ4oCmg56g/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">③计算废钢及新生铁加入量:</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">设废钢用量为&nbsp;<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY252; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">X</span>,新生铁用量为&nbsp;<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: DY252;">Y</span></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: DY252; font-size: 16px;">则</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: DY252; font-size: 16px;"><br/></span></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaZ3ZKSLbz3Lf5Hob4tHbUlRrtrXvukXETibymuHYPTbJMBiaWqUK0ickuWgA5UayVSohL5Az3W7icrA2w/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">④计算硅铁、锰铁加入量:<br/></span></section><section><br/></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaZ3ZKSLbz3Lf5Hob4tHbUlRewHlArCjmlsdKQbTtBQKgGDIcibDFxc4pdJ2qUtQvzib5qrgWcFWkCUg/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;"><br/></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: DY250;">⑤</span>核算磷、硫是否超出要求(质量分数)</span></section><section><br/></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaZ3ZKSLbz3Lf5Hob4tHbUlRfkhtgdRELrIhzjZumagxboZLPmNpKibvZgg2yId63n9aSfJgMXicUJVg/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: DY250;">⑥</span>计算确定的炉料配比为:废钢25%;新生铁35%;回炉铁40%;硅铁0.64%;锰铁0.575%。</span></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">配料应用举例3-2</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">一般灰铸铁(不孕育)的主要金属炉料配比,可参照表3-2-7<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY251; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">&nbsp;</span>选用。硅铁、锰铁加入量以及磷、硫的核算可参照〔配料应用举例〕的方法。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;"><br/></span></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaZ3ZKSLbz3Lf5Hob4tHbUlRDa7rjNzRRzZCicianP7P4K6e9ErdOE1qMJBM8zKvLfMXhFQtgD9rKOCA/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><br/></section><section><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY254; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">2.&nbsp;</span>孕育铸铁与一般灰铸铁配料不同,主要特点</span></strong></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">①孕育铸铁碳量低,应注意控制炉内增碳,并且随着铸铁牌号的提高,炉内增碳绝对值也增高,但是由于影响增碳率的因素 很多,因此必须特别注意配料时碳量的控制;</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: DY255;">②</span>孕育铸铁必须进行炉前孕育处理,处理前 铁液硅含量和孕育硅量将影响孕育铸铁的性能,因此必须选择好原铁液硅量;</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: DY255;">③</span>由于孕 育铸铁多用于重要的高强度复杂铸件,铸件壁厚差别大,必须防止薄壁处形成白口或麻 口,因此应特别注意复杂件孕育铸铁允许最小壁厚的选定;</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: DY255;">④</span>配料时,还应注意铸件壁厚 或者冷却条件的差异,据此调整配料成分(参见表2-3-8)。</span></section><section><br/></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaZ3ZKSLbz3Lf5Hob4tHbUlRmPv9t4icxBtKBsib4hDoKYH4P8icIsO3ooJncW5mgoUeBUiapLHlU7O7AQ/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">孕育铸铁的配料方法,一般是:</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">(<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY254; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">1</span>)按铁液要求的碳量配料</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY254; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">1</span>)首先应考虑配料的影响因素。一般冲天炉熔炼孕育铸铁时,凡是有助于提高铁液 温度、增加铁液在底焦内与焦炭的接触面积、接触时间及减弱炉气氧化性的措施,都是促 进增碳的条件。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;"><br/></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">普通冲天炉内,铁液的碳当量(wCE=C+0.3Si)wCE>4.3</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: DY254;">&nbsp;</span>时,铁液中的碳易被烧损;<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">wCE</span><4.3<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: DY254;">&nbsp;</span>时,铁液易于增碳。</span></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;">孕育铸铁中的wc一般低于&nbsp;<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY254;">3.3%</span>,<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY254;">wSi</span>低于2.0<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY254;">%</span>,故wCE<4.3,比较容易增碳,因 此,冲天炉熔炼孕育铸铁时,除采取措施控制熔炼过程的增碳率以外,必须在配料中加入适量的废钢,降低金属配料的总碳量,以保证经过熔炼过程中增碳后铁液的最终碳量,达到预期的成分范围。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;"><br/></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;">金属批料中的废钢碳含量,一般为wc:0.2%~0.4%,在冲天炉风口区以上,它的碳含量可增加到wc1.5%~2.5%,风口区以下的炉缸中增碳量约为wc0.2%~0.5%。碳含量为wc0.2%~0.4%的废钢,在冲天炉内总的增量在wc1.7%~3.0%限度内波动。增碳值的高低以及硅、锰的变化与表2-3-9中诸因素影响的程度密切相关,估算时应作适当调整。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;"><br/></span></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaZ3ZKSLbz3Lf5Hob4tHbUlRkyha1RDibHdVtfnan7AEJrd2ubib8mPvx1x95T8uicu2z0quvxhnGHJ7Q/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">实际生产中,一般是在选用优质的低硅、锰生铁或者回炉铁的条件下,首先按碳量进 行配料,确定废钢的加入量,然后按常规计算配料方法,补充硅、锰量,并参见表2-3-6<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY258; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">&nbsp;</span>调整硅、锰烧损率。</span></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY258; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">2</span>)采用估算法或图表法确定金属配料中的碳含量并进行配料</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY260; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">①!</span>确定金属配料中的碳含量</span></section><section><br/></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaZ3ZKSLbz3Lf5Hob4tHbUlRQS1VmW44OhHqFNmA1yEJKOFR86iacAdibaickcc8iapebRekDDicSlEgdKA/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaZ3ZKSLbz3Lf5Hob4tHbUlRTmJAo1S4OoAF2ChticuMVedLy44qbkHKUK7icfuvHkrHLLvhCsa3Fvibw/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY262;">②</span>计算金属料各组成部分的比例<br/></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;">最佳配比的计算方法如下:</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;">孕育铸铁的配料,一般由废钢、低碳回炉料和生铁组成,应用下式计算出各种金属炉 料的适合(质量分数)比例。</span></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaZ3ZKSLbz3Lf5Hob4tHbUlRtbic6cNUbOyXIuYIibrwuWByydiaNXH8FI060Xn1ianA8fI6ib8zF1BHp0w/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">简化公式:按已选定出配料总碳量,应用图2-3-4<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY261; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">,&nbsp;</span>得出金属炉料最佳配比系数ə。图中曲I线<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY262; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">&quot;</span>适用于废钢、低碳回炉铁和生铁配料。曲线<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY262; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">II</span>适用于废钢、低碳回炉铁配料。<br/></span></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaZ3ZKSLbz3Lf5Hob4tHbUlRC1ZLd7ibNZGHyuIhlUggt2nBw8ID0O74TCgHue2NgIMKicBSyzqB2RSg/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaZ3ZKSLbz3Lf5Hob4tHbUlR57eFk3hOzX6icMT2vrfcGq47iaHOj2DRH0rHav4QwMxUuHdHFDzTZMibw/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">配料应用举例3-3<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY266; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">&nbsp;</span></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">已知:灰铸铁HT350的孕育铸铁铁液要求碳含量为2.9%;金属料由废钢、低碳回炉<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">铁和Z15生铁组成;金属料中碳含量(质量分数)分别为:废钢0.2%</span>;低碳回炉铁2.9%;Z15生铁3.9%。<br/></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;"><br/></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;">配料程序:</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;">从图2-3-3中查出配料碳量(质量分数)为2.1%。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;">用已知配料碳量(<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY266;">2.1%</span>),从图2-3-4<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY266;">(</span>曲线<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY268;">I</span>中找出废钢与回炉料配比即&nbsp;<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY265;">A/B=a=0.8。</span></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY265; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;">应用公式计算回炉料加入量:</span></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaZ3ZKSLbz3Lf5Hob4tHbUlR9CZSHkcXX0O0o2QhMBgoJzzEafXticsOgWJZiaXbXhoEfQ4DIR9Z59tw/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">在不用低碳回炉铁时,配料也可以只用废钢和生铁,或者用废钢和灰铁回炉料,此 时,废钢和生铁之比,根据金属料碳量用下式计算出合适的配比:<br/></span></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaZ3ZKSLbz3Lf5Hob4tHbUlRIOLL9hBND2ibbb8gQtJ60GdoG3ibjQOQnKn9tTduP4qxXgp23WGRCx4g/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">以上计算出的废钢和回炉料的加入量为最高加入量。实际生产中还应根据冲天炉结构和熔炼操作工艺作适当的调整(参见表2-3-9)。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">推荐的孕育铸铁配料碳量和废钢加入量如表2-3-10。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;"><br/></span></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaZ3ZKSLbz3Lf5Hob4tHbUlRrQTibf99YOU1q9t9W4ibKEibKfzfc6as35p4XwyQDrud4eNhQe5S4A8icg/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">(<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY270; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">2</span>)金属料配料硅含量的选定</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">孕育铸铁除了需要考虑冲天炉中硅的烧损率外,还应注意孕育处理前原铁液中的硅 量(可参见表2-3-1)和孕育剂中补加硅量的合理比例。</span></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;">用&nbsp;<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY270;">7i-Fe</span>作孕育剂采用出铁槽中冲入法时,经试验证明:孕育硅量占总硅量(质量分数)的&nbsp;<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY272;">40%~70%</span>时的孕育效果最佳,如图&nbsp;<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY272;">2-3-5</span>。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;"><br/></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;">采用&nbsp;<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY272;">75Si-Fe</span>作孕育剂,各种牌号孕育铸铁的孕育前和孕育后铁液中的硅量及孕育 硅的加入量见表&nbsp;<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY272;">2-3-11</span>。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;"><br/></span></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaZ3ZKSLbz3Lf5Hob4tHbUlR0x2C6oU8QXqI0wKVme7wkGI8CiaDNLqCGXqeD9B4fMU4WYeprxftrmQ/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaZ3ZKSLbz3Lf5Hob4tHbUlRdJTeb1oqFliaNZ6rUJLfAxP5ULIt6Rebf0D91mg7u6rKrz8lkt56Dow/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">孕育硅量的多少还应根据处理温度、处理方法和孕育剂种类等条件作适当调整。<br/></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;"><br/></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">(<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY272; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">3</span>)配料成分的调整</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">根据铸件的壁厚确定好铁液的化学成分以后,就应考虑利用已有的生铁和废钢进行 配料计算。如果调整生铁或废钢的比例,达不到预定成分中的C、Si量,可在保证碳当量的条件下进行C、Si量的调整。</span></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaZ3ZKSLbz3Lf5Hob4tHbUlRKSeC6WIzd5Y4y5x9snzu1ic7XOAzRmp68IAEyyk9KIXfSiaPhpCSeZLw/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">配料应用举例3-4</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;">原预定灰铸铁HT200的成分(质量分数)为C3.2%、Si2.0%、P0.15%,为了适合现 有材料,想把成分改为&nbsp;<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY274;">C3.4%、P0.10%</span>,在不影响原定物理性能的条件下,Si%<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY274;">&nbsp;</span>应为多少?</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;"><br/></span></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaZ3ZKSLbz3Lf5Hob4tHbUlRFOtdhia7Pxl8WRYZXnniaFTe2IS5RJZdGkf1lphYf4bqWzzAVF8Pv69Q/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">上面仅涉及C、Si、P三个元素,其余&nbsp;<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY274; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">S</span>或Mn在某些情况下超过原预定要求时,应以调整保持S、<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY274; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Mn&nbsp;</span>二者相互作用生成硫化锰为度,虽然&nbsp;<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY274; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">MnS&nbsp;</span>渗杂在铸铁中无益,但因含量不多时对铸铁物理性能影响很小。<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY274; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">S</span>、<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY274; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Mn</span>任何一方过多都会使铸铁变硬,影响材质物理性能。<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY274; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">S&nbsp;</span>过多生成FeS;<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY274; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Mn&nbsp;</span>过多生成&nbsp;<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: DY274;">Mn3C</span>,并且<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: DY274;">Mn3C</span>常与Fe2C<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY274; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">&nbsp;</span>结合在一起形成含锰 的碳化物(<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY274; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">FeMn</span>)3C,它们均使铸铁硬度增加。</span></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY274; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">S、Mn&nbsp;</span>平衡量可按下式确定:<br/></span></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaZ3ZKSLbz3Lf5Hob4tHbUlRicCe9qE7HyR0Mg1043C80pIBSFLeia12hdgibOKAgGowHRqMzjmQ0BNZw/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">配料应用举例3-5~3-7</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">牌号孕育铸铁的配料比,可参见表2-3-12。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;"><br/></span></section></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; clear: both; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"><br/></p><p><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaZ3ZKSLbz3Lf5Hob4tHbUlRoUkPfBrIvtp29VPVYDCpLZrnrtd8WAodKib7OzicGrG1Mw43T5IVUSIw/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; clear: both; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal;"><br/></p><p><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaZ3ZKSLbz3Lf5Hob4tHbUlR5TDtbK1KkzuaRrJKaicneD4ONH1QM3L8iaDmoz4rHkGJ9JmB4VLJn9kg/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><br/></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 18px; color: rgb(123, 12, 0);"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">第二节 球墨铸铁的熔制特点及其配料</strong></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 18px; color: rgb(123, 12, 0);"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br/></strong></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">球墨铸铁 是铁液经过球化剂处理而不是经过热处理处理,使石墨大部或全部呈球 状,有时少量为团絮状的铸铁。但球墨铸铁经过一定的热处理却可改变基体的形式,球 墨铸铁的基体形式有:铁素体、珠光体、铁素体加珠光体、贝氏体、奥氏体加贝氏体。</span></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">球化前的铁液(原铁液)成分(质量分数)一般选择在共晶点附近,以不出现石墨漂浮 为前提,通常希望为高碳、低硅、低磷硫,亦即:C3.5%~3.9%,Si1.0%~2.0%,Mn0.3%~0.9%,P<0.10%,S<0.08%。</span></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;">经球化处理后的铁液还需进行孕育处理,以消除球化元素所造成的白口倾向,并同时细化石墨球。球化孕育处理后的球墨铸铁(质量分数),<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY276;">Si&nbsp;</span>常被调整到1.8%~3.3%, 镁残余量(<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY276;">&nbsp;Mg</span>残 )控制在0.03¥~0.08%,稀土氧化物残余量(<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY276;">RExQy</span>残 )控制在0.02%~0.04%,都不希望太高。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;"><br/></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;">球墨铸铁除有类似于灰铸铁的良好减震性、耐磨性、切削加工性以及铸造工艺性外, 还具有比普通灰铸铁高得多的强度、塑性和韧性,抗拉强度可达1200~1450MPa,伸长率可达&nbsp;<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY276;">17%</span>,冲击韧度可达60J/cm2,因此已用于生产受力复杂,强度、韧性和耐磨性等要 求较高的零件,如汽车、拖拉机、内燃机等的曲轴、凸轮轴,还有通用机械的中压阀门等。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;"><br/></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(123, 12, 0);"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">一、球墨铸铁熔炼用炉的选择</span></strong></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;">熔制灰铸铁的熔炼炉基本上都可用来熔制球墨铸铁。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;"><br/></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;">最广泛采用的还是冲天炉,碱性冲天炉对获得高温低硫铁液十分有利。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;">采用感应电炉,或电弧炉,或冲天炉&nbsp;<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY276;">C&nbsp;</span>电炉双联熔炼炉熔制球墨铸铁,对保证球墨铸 铁质量较为理想。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;"><br/></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(123, 12, 0);"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">二、球墨铸铁原铁液化学成分的控制</span></strong></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;">球墨铸铁件的化学成分应根据球墨铸铁件的合金牌号性能要求以及球墨铸铁件的 壁厚状况和热处理工艺等确定。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;"><br/></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;">但确定球墨铸铁的原铁液化学成分(或配料标准成分)时,由于需要进行球化孕育处 理,因此还应考虑由于球化孕育处理时元素的增减情况(见表2-3-13),并且主要应考 虑由于球化剂和孕育剂所带入的硅元素的增加值。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;"><br/></span></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaZ3ZKSLbz3Lf5Hob4tHbUlRMNcruzlTVgTzdTSStxKgaCJxfZg3pWtIGInw1hX4xPFtXv6TdAz8Dg/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">球墨铸铁原铁液化学成分的特点是高碳、低硅、低磷硫,可参见表2-3-14进行控制。</span></section><section><br/></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWabgLWGzdnRlsictO2MxiaibWdbv0yjgoIbTVtDvbP7sTQkP4COvftGh2picxMNib0s9A0ibXBlvQzwtoiaLA/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(123, 12, 0);"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">三、球墨铸铁的球化孕育处理</span></strong></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">球墨铸铁进行球化孕育处理的目的是通过向具有碳当量在共晶成分附近的球墨铸 铁原铁液中加入一定数量的球化剂和孕育剂,引起强烈脱氧和去硫,促使石墨成为球状, 并细化球状石墨和改善球状石墨的分布,因而可获得较高的强度和冲击韧度等。</span></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">球化剂的种类较多,主要有:纯镁、稀土硅铁镁合金、镁焦、钇基重稀土硅铁镁合金、 铜镁合金、镍镁合金、镁硅铁合金、镁铁屑压块、稀土硅铁、含钡稀土硅铁镁合金等。但使 用最多的稀土硅铁镁合金;</span></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">常用球化剂的成分(质量分数)如下:</span></section><section><br/></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWabgLWGzdnRlsictO2MxiaibWdbE3zfBLTuCIibl7rBV8ZqJfSHicTkAoDt9mPC181F1Lf3crSN60Qtu3gQ/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWabgLWGzdnRlsictO2MxiaibWdbZHN7R4UeFNDbxjdYKKPIj82iclJqOu72FwGgcicD8uJqDy5xbK759hoA/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">球化剂的加入量应当保证石墨完全球化。在无稀土的情况下,保证石墨完全球化的 残余镁量大致为0.03%~0.08%;在有稀土的情况下,残余镁量也大致为0.03%~0.08%、残余稀土量为&nbsp;<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY280; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">0.015%~0.05%</span>。几种常用球化剂的加入量可参见表2-3-15。</span></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">孕育剂的种类也较多,可参用灰铸铁(孕育铸铁)用的孕育剂。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;"><br/></span></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWabgLWGzdnRlsictO2MxiaibWdbogpS3rWrCicL8QDyL9M3iajyrFDEVzKHRbWiaqAm1gHIYCiaNpdY2jrU2A/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">孕育剂的加入量(质量分数)应当保证消除球化元素所造成的白口倾向,如果想获得 铁素体球墨铸铁,其孕育增硅量应大于0.6%;如果想获得珠光体球墨铸铁,其孕育增硅 量也不应小于0.4%。硅铁(硅75)孕育的加入量可参见表&nbsp;<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY280; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">2-3-16</span>。</span></section><section><br/></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWabgLWGzdnRlsictO2MxiaibWdbyDmWoMaWGXUpNuofrK8iaXG2SicicjjE3kwFUvrXFOXhm7xqBWVFibQgmw/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;">球化孕育处理时的操作要点:</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY282;">a</span>)铁液处理温度应在1400℃以上,以保证球化及孕育 处理能顺利进行:</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;"><br/></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY282;">b</span>)选用球化剂时应注意到金属炉料中是否有干扰元素,原铁液温度和 硫含量多少,生产工艺和铸件要求如何?通常,当炉料中干扰元素较高时应选用稀土含 量较高的球化剂,用钒钛生铁生产球墨铸铁时应选用高稀土球化剂(如<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY282;">FeSiMg8RE18</span>等),对于冲天炉熔炼球墨铸铁(铁液温度&nbsp;<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY282;">1400℃~1450℃</span>硫含量0.05%~0.10%<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY282;">)</span>时可 选用稀土硅铁镁合金FeSiMg8RE7&nbsp;和&nbsp;<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY282;">FeSiMg8RE5</span>,对于电炉熔炼球墨铸铁(铁液温度1460℃~1520℃<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY282;">).</span>、硫含量0.02%~0.04%<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY282;">),</span>则可选用稀土硅铁镁合金&nbsp;<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY282;">FeSiMg6RE4&nbsp;</span>和&nbsp;<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY282;">FeSiMg8RE3</span>,对于经脱硫处理含硫<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY283;">小于等于0.02%</span>时则可选用低稀土低镁的稀土硅铁镁合金FeSiMg5RE1<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY282;">$</span>和FeSiMg6RE2,此外,对于铸态铁素体球墨铸铁应选用低稀土球化剂,对于铸态珠光体球墨铸铁应选用含铜或镍的球化剂,对于金属型铸造、离心铸管等应选用低 稀土球化剂或纯镁,对于大型厚断面铸件应选用钇基重稀土镁硅铁,对于大型珠光体球 墨铸铁件应选用含微量&nbsp;<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY282;">Sb&nbsp;</span>的或含Cu的复合球化剂;</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;"><br/></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY282;">c</span>)球化剂与孕育剂的粒度,应随铁液量的多少而改变,稀土硅铁镁合金的粒度大致为5~25mm,铁液量500kg<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY282;">&nbsp;</span>以下取10~20mm;铁液量500kg以上取&nbsp;<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY282;">10~25mm;</span></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY282; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;"><br/></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY282;">d)</span>球化剂与孕育剂应预热;</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;"><br/></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY282;">e</span>)采用冲入法进行球 化孕育处理时,首先应在包内放好球化剂,并在其上覆盖硅铁粉和铁板(或草灰、苏打、珍 珠岩集渣剂等),冲入<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY284;">3/5~2/3</span>的铁液,待球化剂反应趋于平稳时,补加其余铁液,并在出铁 槽里均匀地加入孕育剂,出完铁后要充分搅拌铁液,加脱硫剂和草灰,搅拌扒渣2~3<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY282;">&nbsp;</span>次, 而后取样检验,用覆盖剂或草灰保温。</span></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(123, 12, 0);"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">四、球墨铸铁铁液质量的炉前控制(见表2-3-17)</span></strong></sp