走访了近2000家企业，中国制造业近况究竟如何？
发布时间：2020-03-06 15:34
<p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-align: justify; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">今天中国经济所有的问题，几乎都可以归结为如何促进企业转向<a href="https://www.iyiou.com/t/gaozhiliangfazhan/" title="高质量发展" target="_blank" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; font-family: FontAwesome, 微软雅黑, 黑体, Tahoma, Verdana; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; overflow-wrap: break-word;">高质量发展</a>的问题。当今中国经济研究的所有问题，也几乎都可以归结为对企业的微观研究问题。</p><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-align: justify; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">在谈到开展“中国企业综合调查（CEGS）”的初心时，武汉大学质量发展战略研究院院长、武汉大学中国企业调查数据中心主任程虹这样说。</p><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-align: justify; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">近日，中国企业综合调查(CEGS)报告(2015-2018)正式发布，调查历时4年，涉及中、东、西和东北地区1978家大中小型企业，从创新情况、营商环境、机器人换人等多个维度，为转型升级中的中国制造业进行了“素描”。</p><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-align: center; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><img src="https://imgcache.iyiou.com/Editor/image/20191231/1577758399254765.jpg" title="CEGS有效调查样本" alt="CEGS有效调查样本" width="" height=""/></p><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-align: justify; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">报告认为，<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: FontAwesome, 微软雅黑, 黑体, Tahoma, Verdana; overflow-wrap: break-word;">中国企业正在走向以<a href="https://www.iyiou.com/t/chuangxinqudong/" title="创新驱动" target="_blank" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; overflow-wrap: break-word; font-family: "Microsoft Yahei", "Helvetica Neue", "Luxi Sans", "DejaVu Sans", Tahoma, "Hiragino Sans GB", STHeiti !important;">创新驱动</a>为主要动能的转型过程</strong>，其中工艺创新和产品创新能力较为突出。</p><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-align: justify; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">不仅如此，中国企业正在走向以质量提升为主线的升级过程，影响企业发展的内外部治理条件也在趋于改善。</p><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-align: justify; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">值得注意的是，在企业创新和不断提升产品质量的过程中，面对的挑战依然严峻，例如知识产权问题突出、中小企业对营商环境评价有待提高等。</p><h3 style="padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; margin: 25px 0px 32px; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 5px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(246, 140, 34); border-image: initial; font-family: 微软雅黑, Tahoma, Helvetica, arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); white-space: normal; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 20px; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: FontAwesome, 微软雅黑, 黑体, Tahoma, Verdana; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify;">制造业创新投入与收益同步增长</span></h3><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">报告发现，从创新投入来看，<span style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: FontAwesome, 微软雅黑, 黑体, Tahoma, Verdana; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify;">企业平均研发支出在2015-2017的三年间平均增速达15.4%。另外2015-2017年间，接受调查的中国制造企业的平均研发强度从1.8%增长到2.2%，平均每年提升0.2个百分点。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: FontAwesome, 微软雅黑, 黑体, Tahoma, Verdana; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify;">这意味着，中国制造业的平均研发强度已经与法国等发达国家持平，接近OECD国家的平均水平。但是，我国距离美国、日本等强国仍有一定差距。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-align: center; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: FontAwesome, 微软雅黑, 黑体, Tahoma, Verdana; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify;"><img src="https://imgcache.iyiou.com/Editor/image/20191231/1577758472857859.jpg" title="中国研发强度与OECD国家的比较" alt="中国研发强度与OECD国家的比较" width="" height=""/></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">值得注意的是，<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: FontAwesome, 微软雅黑, 黑体, Tahoma, Verdana; overflow-wrap: break-word;">创新投入持续提升的一个重要原因是创新收益也越来越明显。</strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: FontAwesome, 微软雅黑, 黑体, Tahoma, Verdana; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify;">对于企业来说，创新收益最明显的标志就是新产品的出现。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-align: justify; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">数据显示，在接受调查的销售企业中，2015年，新产品销售占销售总额的比重为24.6%，这一数据在随后两年里明显增长：2016年为26.4%、2017年达到29.1%，年均提升2.3个百分点。</p><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: FontAwesome, 微软雅黑, 黑体, Tahoma, Verdana; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify;">另外，新产品的含金量也在持续提升。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: FontAwesome, 微软雅黑, 黑体, Tahoma, Verdana; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify;">从行业内的技术对比看，</span><span style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: FontAwesome, 微软雅黑, 黑体, Tahoma, Verdana; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify;">在接受调查企业销售的全部新产品中，<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: "Microsoft Yahei", "Helvetica Neue", "Luxi Sans", "DejaVu Sans", Tahoma, "Hiragino Sans GB", STHeiti !important; overflow-wrap: break-word;">2017年全国领先的新产品销售额的占比达到了12.6%</strong>，较2015年提升了1.2个百分点。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: FontAwesome, 微软雅黑, 黑体, Tahoma, Verdana; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify;">今年的中央经济工作会议指出，要把供给侧结构性改革主线贯穿于宏观调控全过程，促进产业和消费“双升级”，推动经济高质量增长。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: FontAwesome, 微软雅黑, 黑体, Tahoma, Verdana; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify;">调查组认为，企业在生产过程中的创新将使企业生产出更高质量的产品，<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: "Microsoft Yahei", "Helvetica Neue", "Luxi Sans", "DejaVu Sans", Tahoma, "Hiragino Sans GB", STHeiti !important; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://www.iyiou.com/t/pinzhishengji/" title="品质升级" target="_blank" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; overflow-wrap: break-word;">品质升级</a>与工艺创新将带动整个产业的升级</strong>，进而推动供给侧改革与消费端的升级。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: FontAwesome, 微软雅黑, 黑体, Tahoma, Verdana; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify;">在创新的形式上，工艺创新和产品创新能力较为突出，据悉，调查企业中有生产方法工艺创新的企业比重达64.2%，有产品创新的企业占比为59.5%。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: FontAwesome, 微软雅黑, 黑体, Tahoma, Verdana; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify;">不过，不同类别企业在创新能力上也体现出一定的差异性，民营企业特别是小微企业创新动能不足是制约创新能力提升的主要挑战。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-align: center; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><img src="https://imgcache.iyiou.com/Editor/image/20191231/1577758665282715.jpg" title="不同所有制企业设立研发部门的比重" alt="不同所有制企业设立研发部门的比重" width="" height=""/></p><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-align: center; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: FontAwesome, 微软雅黑, 黑体, Tahoma, Verdana; overflow-wrap: break-word; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(127, 127, 127);">不同所有制企业设立研发部门的比重</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: FontAwesome, 微软雅黑, 黑体, Tahoma, Verdana; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify;">报告指出，民营企业设立研发部门的比重为<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: "Microsoft Yahei", "Helvetica Neue", "Luxi Sans", "DejaVu Sans", Tahoma, "Hiragino Sans GB", STHeiti !important; overflow-wrap: break-word;">46.3%</strong>，较整体水平要低2.9个百分点。另外，有专利的小型企业占比为<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: "Microsoft Yahei", "Helvetica Neue", "Luxi Sans", "DejaVu Sans", Tahoma, "Hiragino Sans GB", STHeiti !important; overflow-wrap: break-word;">18%</strong>，远远低于中型企业和大型企业的水平。</span><br/></p><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-align: center; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><img src="https://imgcache.iyiou.com/Editor/image/20191231/1577758725547193.jpg" title="不同规模企业拥有专利的比重" alt="不同规模企业拥有专利的比重" width="" height=""/></p><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: FontAwesome, 微软雅黑, 黑体, Tahoma, Verdana; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify;">显然，大部分中小企业并没有实力去投资研发。但是，这些企业正在通过工艺的改变、加工方法的改变等进行创新。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: FontAwesome, 微软雅黑, 黑体, Tahoma, Verdana; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify;">因此，中国大量的中小企业正在走出一条具有中国特色的创新之路。</span></p><h3 style="padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; margin: 25px 0px 32px; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 5px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(246, 140, 34); border-image: initial; font-family: 微软雅黑, Tahoma, Helvetica, arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); white-space: normal; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 20px; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: FontAwesome, 微软雅黑, 黑体, Tahoma, Verdana; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify;">制造业水平质量和品牌意识提升</span></h3><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">在技术创新之外，质量升级同样是中国企业当下的主要发展特色。</p><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: FontAwesome, 微软雅黑, 黑体, Tahoma, Verdana; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify;">近三年内，企业的质量投入明显增长的达80.7%，质量水平有明显提升的企业占85.4%。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: FontAwesome, 微软雅黑, 黑体, Tahoma, Verdana; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify;">企业对于质量的重视源于民众消费需求的升级，从调查数据可以看出，<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: "Microsoft Yahei", "Helvetica Neue", "Luxi Sans", "DejaVu Sans", Tahoma, "Hiragino Sans GB", STHeiti !important; overflow-wrap: break-word;">43%的企业质量提升第一位的因素是产品需求的拉动</strong>，远高于技术、管理、市场竞争等原因。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-align: center; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><img src="https://imgcache.iyiou.com/Editor/image/20191231/1577758813167074.jpg" title="企业认为过去三年促使质量提升的原因" alt="企业认为过去三年促使质量提升的原因" width="" height=""/></p><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-align: justify; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">更为关键的是，企业对于质量的重视已不仅仅局限于“品控”，而是在更高层面受到关注。</p><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-align: justify; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">调查显示，在通过产品创新提升质量的参与者中，管理层占比高达40%，高于研发人员，说明产品创新已不仅仅是质量部门所重视的问题，而成为越来越多企业的总体战略。</p><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: FontAwesome, 微软雅黑, 黑体, Tahoma, Verdana; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify;">质量意识提升的另一个表现，<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: "Microsoft Yahei", "Helvetica Neue", "Luxi Sans", "DejaVu Sans", Tahoma, "Hiragino Sans GB", STHeiti !important; overflow-wrap: break-word;">就是企业品牌意识的不断增强</strong>。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: FontAwesome, 微软雅黑, 黑体, Tahoma, Verdana; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify;">调查显示，2017年拥有自主品牌的企业占47.3%，较2016年提升了2.3个百分点。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-align: justify; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">同时，质量升级的过程中也面临着一些约束和障碍，特别是对质量升级的正向激励制度仍有待完善，调查企业中有超过10%的企业表示遇到过知识产权侵犯，但是选择提起诉讼的企业仅占33.8%，对诉讼处理结果的满意程度集中在6-9分（以10分制评价）。</p><h3 style="padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; margin: 25px 0px 32px; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 5px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(246, 140, 34); border-image: initial; font-family: 微软雅黑, Tahoma, Helvetica, arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); white-space: normal; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 20px; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); text-align: justify; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">制造业<a href="https://www.iyiou.com/t/jiqihuanren/" title="机器换人" target="_blank" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; font-family: FontAwesome, 微软雅黑, 黑体, Tahoma, Verdana; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); overflow-wrap: break-word; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;">机器换人</a>影响日趋显现</h3><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: FontAwesome, 微软雅黑, 黑体, Tahoma, Verdana; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify;">我国企业当前正进入了一个智能化升级阶段，而智能化加速推进的后果便是劳动力市场的巨大变化。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: FontAwesome, 微软雅黑, 黑体, Tahoma, Verdana; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: "Microsoft Yahei", "Helvetica Neue", "Luxi Sans", "DejaVu Sans", Tahoma, "Hiragino Sans GB", STHeiti !important; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify;">在生产端，智能化体现在机器人的引入。</span></strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-align: justify; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: FontAwesome, 微软雅黑, 黑体, Tahoma, Verdana; overflow-wrap: break-word;">报告指出，在接受调查的企业中，使用机器人企业所雇佣的劳动力人数占样本总体的比例从2008年的12%提升到2017年的37%，这表明中国约有40%的制造业劳动力人口已受到机器人使用的潜在影响。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-align: justify; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">在此次调查样本中，使用了机器人的企业占比在2015年为8.1%，2017这一比例增长至13.4%。2015-2017年的三年间机器人投资的年均增速高达57%。</p><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: FontAwesome, 微软雅黑, 黑体, Tahoma, Verdana; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify;">报告相关负责人表示，机器人的使用正在引起劳动力市场的巨大变化。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: FontAwesome, 微软雅黑, 黑体, Tahoma, Verdana; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify;">一方面机器人会替代部分劳动力，产生一种“替代效应”；</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: FontAwesome, 微软雅黑, 黑体, Tahoma, Verdana; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify;">另一方面因为使用机器人，企业的效益提高，这会促使企业扩大规模、招更多的人，总体来说这两种效应将相互抵消。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: FontAwesome, 微软雅黑, 黑体, Tahoma, Verdana; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify;">机器人的使用替代了所在企业9.4%的初中及以下员工，同时大学及以上的员工数量却增长了3.6%。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-align: center; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: FontAwesome, 微软雅黑, 黑体, Tahoma, Verdana; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify;"><img src="https://imgcache.iyiou.com/Editor/image/20191231/1577759041662091.jpg" title="机器人使用预测替代" alt="机器人使用预测替代" width="" height=""/></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: FontAwesome, 微软雅黑, 黑体, Tahoma, Verdana; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify;">机器人对于不同工作任务的影响呈现出明显的结构性差异，</span><span style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: FontAwesome, 微软雅黑, 黑体, Tahoma, Verdana; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify;">机器人替代了3.3%重复运动和体力要求的常规操作型任务，同时也增加了2.7%对于非常规认知型工作任务的需求。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: FontAwesome, 微软雅黑, 黑体, Tahoma, Verdana; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify;">机器人的大量使用将导致一部分岗位的消失从而增加就业压力，据估计机器人使用对劳动力的整体替代效应为0.3%，并将在2025年达到4.7%。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: FontAwesome, 微软雅黑, 黑体, Tahoma, Verdana; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: "Microsoft Yahei", "Helvetica Neue", "Luxi Sans", "DejaVu Sans", Tahoma, "Hiragino Sans GB", STHeiti !important; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify;">在经营端，智能化体现在其对决策的影响。</span></strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: FontAwesome, 微软雅黑, 黑体, Tahoma, Verdana; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify;">调查发现，企业正在大量使用各类数据推动决策的制定，43.2%的受访企业的决策很大程度或完全依赖于数据的驱动。与此同时，70.5%的企业每天均使用数据进行决策，23.7%的企业至少每周或每月使用数据进行决策。</span></p><h3 style="padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; margin: 25px 0px 32px; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 5px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(246, 140, 34); border-image: initial; font-family: 微软雅黑, Tahoma, Helvetica, arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); white-space: normal; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 20px; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); text-align: justify; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">制造业营商环境改善但还需继续优化<br/></h3><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: FontAwesome, 微软雅黑, 黑体, Tahoma, Verdana; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify;">治理能力现代化，是我国转型升级的重要内容，武汉大学质量发展战略研究院重点调查了政府治理中的营商环境以及企业党组织治理等问题。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: FontAwesome, 微软雅黑, 黑体, Tahoma, Verdana; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify;">数据显示，调查企业对营商环境的总体评分达7.3分（以10分制评价）。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-align: center; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><img src="https://imgcache.iyiou.com/Editor/image/20191231/1577759156307114.jpg" title="不同规模企业对营商环境的评价" alt="不同规模企业对营商环境的评价" width="" height=""/></p><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-align: justify; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">从具体指标来看，企业每月办理行政审批的平均天数从2015年14.2天下降为2017年的4.5天，3年累计下降68.3%。</p><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-align: justify; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">但与此同时，<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: FontAwesome, 微软雅黑, 黑体, Tahoma, Verdana; overflow-wrap: break-word;">营商环境改善获得感不强仍然是中小企业发展的痛点</strong>，中小企业的营商环境总体评价较大型企业低了11%，其中对于行政收费的规范性评价较大企业低9.8%，投资优惠的公平性评价较大企业低了13.6%。</p><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-align: justify; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">样本企业中，数量占比10%的大型企业占据了42%的融资贷款，而数量占比90%的其他企业则获取了58%的融资贷款，其中占比68%的小微企业仅获得贷款的32%。</p><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-align: justify; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">武汉大学质量发展战略研究院院长、武汉大学中国企业调查数据中心主任程虹表示，<strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: FontAwesome, 微软雅黑, 黑体, Tahoma, Verdana; overflow-wrap: break-word;">我国营商环境中诸如审批天数、工程建设天数、供电和供水能力等“硬环境”已基本达到世界标准，但还要注意一些看不见的“软环境”</strong>，例如政府评奖、解决民众投诉等为企业带来的时间和金钱成本等情况。</p><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-align: justify; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">调查组表示，近年来以行政审批为代表的营商“硬环境”不断改善，2015-2017年，有50.4%的企业认为近年来行政审批成本有所下降。</p><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-align: justify; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">但在营商“软环境”方面，部分企业存在招工难、知识产权保护成本高、对一些减税优惠政策不够了解等问题。</p><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-align: justify; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">这些都说明，企业营商环境还有进一步优化的空间。</p><h3 style="padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; margin: 25px 0px 32px; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 5px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(246, 140, 34); border-image: initial; font-family: 微软雅黑, Tahoma, Helvetica, arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); white-space: normal; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 20px; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); text-align: justify; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">面对贸易冲突保持对未来的良好预期</h3><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: FontAwesome, 微软雅黑, 黑体, Tahoma, Verdana; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify;">为了反映中美贸易对企业带来的影响，CEGS首次引入了企业经营者的预期调查。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: FontAwesome, 微软雅黑, 黑体, Tahoma, Verdana; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify;">数据表明，在中美贸易冲突背景下，仍有62%的企业预期来年销售额将有增长，有23%的企业认为来年销售将有下降，持正向预期企业较持负向预期企业比例高出39个百分点。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-align: center; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><img src="https://imgcache.iyiou.com/Editor/image/20191231/1577759269185009.jpg" title="企业对明年销售情况的预期" alt="企业对明年销售情况的预期" width="" height=""/></p><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-align: center; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: FontAwesome, 微软雅黑, 黑体, Tahoma, Verdana; overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(127, 127, 127); font-size: 14px;">企业对明年销售情况的预期</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: FontAwesome, 微软雅黑, 黑体, Tahoma, Verdana; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify;">企业总体上认为中美贸易冲突并不会带来很大的就业下降，预期来年的就业人数将有1.6%的增长。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: FontAwesome, 微软雅黑, 黑体, Tahoma, Verdana; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify;">这反映出，我国企业对中美贸易冲突这一外部冲击整体上有较好的应对能力。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: FontAwesome, 微软雅黑, 黑体, Tahoma, Verdana; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify;">与此同时，我们看到中美贸易冲突对部分企业将带来较强的局部性影响，</span><span style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: FontAwesome, 微软雅黑, 黑体, Tahoma, Verdana; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify;">其中小微企业预期来年年销售将出现下降的企业达到了35.4%，高出中型企业12.9个百分点，高出大型企业20个百分点。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 32px; border: 0px; font-family: "PingFang SC", 微软雅黑, arial, Regular; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 32px; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: FontAwesome, 微软雅黑, 黑体, Tahoma, Verdana; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify;">因此调查组认为，稳定中小企业发展是接下来经济发展“稳预期”的核心。</span></p><p><span style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: FontAwesome, 微软雅黑, 黑体, Tahoma, Verdana; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify;"><br/></span></p><p><br/></p>
